Zinyalala za pulasitiki ndivuto lomwezimayambitsa kusefukiram'madera ena a dziko lapansi.Popeza ma polima apulasitiki sawola mosavuta, kuipitsa pulasitiki kungatseke mitsinje yonse.Ikafika kunyanja imatha kuchulukirazigamba zoyandama.

Pofuna kuthana ndi vuto la padziko lonse la kuipitsidwa kwa pulasitiki, ofufuza adapanga pulasitiki yowonongeka yomwe imawonongeka pambuyo poyang'aniridwa ndi dzuwa ndi mpweya kwa sabata imodzi yokha - kusintha kwakukulu pazaka makumi ambiri, kapena zaka zambiri, kungatenge pulasitiki ya tsiku ndi tsiku. zinthu zowola.

Mupepala losindikizidwamu Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS), ofufuzawo adafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane pulasitiki wawo watsopano wowonongeka ndi chilengedwe womwe umaswa kuwala kwa dzuwa kukhala succinic acid, kamolekyu kakang'ono komwe kamapezeka mwachilengedwe komwe sikamasiya tizidutswa tating'onoting'ono m'chilengedwe.

Asayansiwa adagwiritsa ntchito nyukiliya maginito resonance (NMR) ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wa spectroscopy kuti awulule zomwe apeza papulasitiki, polima yopangidwa ndi petroleum.

Zotengera zamoyo?Zobwezerezedwanso?Zowonongeka?Chitsogozo chanu ku mapulasitiki okhazikika

Ndi kukhazikika kwapamwamba pazantchito za aliyense komanso ukadaulo ukupita patsogolo mwachangu, dziko la mapulasitiki likusintha.Izi ndi zomwe muyenera kudziwa za zida zamakono zapulasitiki - komanso mawu osokoneza nthawi zina,

Zinyalala zapulasitiki zakhala nkhawa padziko lonse lapansi.Pafupifupi matani mamiliyoni mazana anayi amapangidwa padziko lonse lapansi chaka chilichonse, pamene79 peresenti ya zinyalala zonse za pulasitiki zomwe zidapangidwa zakhala ngati zinyalala m'malo achilengedwe.

Koma bwanji za mapulasitiki atsopano, okhazikika - angatithandize kuthana ndi vuto la zinyalala za pulasitiki?Kodi mawu akuti mapulasitiki a bio-based, biodegradable kapena recyclable pulasitiki amatanthauza chiyani, ndipo angatithandize bwanji kukwaniritsa zolinga zokhazikika ndikuchepetsa kufunikira kwamafuta osapangana pamapulasitiki?

Tidzakutengerani m'mawu odziwika bwino okhudzana ndi mapulasitiki okhazikika ndikuwulula zomwe zili kumbuyo kwa aliyense.

Bioplastics - mapulasitiki omwe ali ndi bio-based kapena biodegradable kapena onse awiri

Bioplastics ndi mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauza mapulasitiki omwe ali ndi bio-based, biodegradable, kapena olingana ndi zonse ziwiri.

Mosiyana ndi mapulasitiki achikhalidwe opangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zakale zamafuta,Mapulasitiki opangidwa ndi bio amapangidwa kwathunthu kapena pang'ono kuchokera ku feedstock zongowonjezerayochokera ku biomass.Zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri popanga zakudya zongowonjezwdwazi popanga pulasitiki zimaphatikizapo mapesi a chimanga, nzimbe ndi cellulose, komanso mafuta ndi mafuta osiyanasiyana ochokera kuzinthu zongowonjezwdwa.Mawu akuti 'bioplastics' ndi 'bio-based plastics' amagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyana ndi anthu wamba koma sakutanthauza chinthu chomwecho.

Mapulasitiki osawonongekandi mapulasitiki okhala ndi mamolekyu anzeru omwe amatha kuwola ndi mabakiteriya kumapeto kwa moyo wawo pansi pazikhalidwe zina zachilengedwe.Si mapulasitiki onse okhala ndi bio omwe amatha kuwonongeka pomwe mapulasitiki ena opangidwa kuchokera kumafuta oyambira amakhala.

Bio-based - mapulasitiki omwe ali ndi zinthu zopangidwa kuchokera ku biomass

Mapulasitiki omwe amapangidwa ndi bio-based amapangidwa pang'ono kapena kwathunthu kuchokera kuzinthu zomwe zapangidwa kuchokera ku biomass m'malo mwa zopangira zakale.Zina ndi biodegradable koma zina si.

Mu 2018, matani 2.61 miliyoni apulasitiki opangidwa ndi bio adapangidwa padziko lonse lapansi,malinga ndi Institute for Bioplastics and Biocomposites (IfBB).Koma akadali ochepera 1% pamsika wapulasitiki wapadziko lonse lapansi.Pomwe kufunikira kwa pulasitiki kukukulirakulira, momwemonso kufunikira kwa mayankho okhazikika apulasitiki.Pulasitiki wamba wopangidwa ndi zinthu zakale amatha kusinthidwa ndi pulasitiki yogwetsa - yofanana ndi bio.Izi zingathandize kuchepetsa carbon footprint ya mapeto mankhwala pamene makhalidwe ena a mankhwala - durability kapena recyclability - mwachitsanzo, kukhalabe chimodzimodzi.

Polyhydroxyalkanoate kapena PHA, ndi mtundu wamba wa pulasitiki wopangidwa ndi biodegradable bio-based, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zotengera ndi mabotolo, mwachitsanzo.Zili chonchoopangidwa ndi kupesa kwa mafakitale pamene mabakiteriya ena adyetsedwa shuga kapena mafutakuchokera ku feedstocks mongabeets, nzimbe, chimanga kapena mafuta a masamba.Koma zopangidwa zosafunikira,monga mafuta ophikira zinyalala kapena ma molasi omwe amatsalira pambuyo popanga shuga, atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya chamtundu wina, kumasula mbewu zazakudya kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito zina.

Pomwe kufunikira kwa pulasitiki kukukulirakulira, mapulasitiki ambiri opangidwa ndi bio alowa pamsika ndipo akuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira ina.

-

Mapulasitiki ena opangidwa ndi bio, monga, mapulasitiki ogwetsera amakhala ndi zinthu zofanana ndi mapulasitiki wamba.Mapulasitikiwa sawonongeka, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri m'mapulogalamu omwe kulimba kumakhala chinthu chofunikira.

Bio-based PET, yomwe imapangidwa kuchokera ku organic compound ethylene glycol yomwe imapezeka muzomera, imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zambiri mongamabotolo, zamkati zamagalimoto ndi zamagetsi.Pamene kufunikira kwa makasitomala kumapulasitiki okhazikika kumawonjezeka,msika wapulasitiki uyu ukuyembekezeka kukula ndi 10.8% kuyambira 2018 mpaka 2024, wophatikizidwa pachaka.

Bio-based polypropylene (PP) ndi pulasitiki ina yotsika yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga zinthu monga mipando, zotengera ndi makapeti.Chakumapeto kwa 2018,kupanga malonda a bio-based PP kunachitika koyamba,kuzipanga kuchokera ku zinyalala ndi mafuta otsalira, monga mafuta ophikira akale.

Biodegradable - pulasitiki yomwe imawola pansi pamikhalidwe inayake

Ngati pulasitiki ndi biodegradable, zikutanthauza kuti akhoza kuwonongeka pansi pa zinthu zina zachilengedwe ndi pamene anakumana ndi mabakiteriya enieni kapena tizilombo ting'onoting'ono - kusandutsa madzi, biomass ndi carbon dioxide, kapena methane, malinga aerobic kapena anaerobic mikhalidwe.Biodegradation si chisonyezero cha zamoyo zomwe zilipo;m'malo mwake, zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kapangidwe ka maselo a pulasitiki.Ngakhale mapulasitiki ambiri omwe amatha kuwonongeka ndi bio-based,mapulasitiki ena osawonongeka amapangidwa kuchokera kumafuta opangira mafuta.

Mawu akuti biodegradable ndi osadziwika bwino chifukwa saterotchulani nthawikapena chilengedwe cha kuwonongeka.Mapulasitiki ambiri, ngakhale osawonongeka, amatha kuwonongeka ngati atapatsidwa nthawi yokwanira, mwachitsanzo zaka mazana ambiri.Adzagawanika kukhala zidutswa zing'onozing'ono zomwe sizingawonekere ndi maso aumunthu, koma zikhalebe ngati ma microplastics m'chilengedwe chozungulira ife.Mosiyana ndi izi, mapulasitiki ambiri omwe amatha kuwonongeka adzasintha kukhala CO2, madzi ndi biomass ngati apatsidwa nthawi yokwanira.pamikhalidwe yapadera ya chilengedwe.Iwo akulangizidwa kutizambiriza nthawi yomwe pulasitiki imatenga kuti biodegrade, kuchuluka kwa biodegradation ndi zofunikira ziyenera kuperekedwa kuti zitsimikizire bwino za chilengedwe chake.Pulasitiki yopangidwa ndi kompositi, mtundu wa pulasitiki wosawonongeka, ndiyosavuta kuunika chifukwa imayenera kukwaniritsa miyezo yodziwika kuti iyenerere chizindikiro.

Compostable - mtundu wa pulasitiki wosawonongeka

Pulasitiki yopangidwa ndi kompositi ndi kagawo kakang'ono ka pulasitiki wosawonongeka.Pansi pa kompositi, imaphwanyidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kukhala CO2, madzi ndi biomass.

Kuti pulasitiki ikhale yovomerezeka ngati compostable, iyenera kukwaniritsa mfundo zina.Ku Europe, izi zikutanthauza kuti mu anthawi ya masabata 12, 90% ya pulasitiki iyenera kuwola kukhala zidutswa zosakwana 2mm.kukula m'malo olamulidwa.Iyenera kukhala ndi zitsulo zolemera zochepa kuti zisawononge nthaka.

Mapulasitiki a kompositiziyenera kutumizidwa kumalo opangira mafakitale kumene kutentha ndi chinyezi kumagwiritsidwa ntchitokuti atsimikizire kuwonongeka.PBAT, mwachitsanzo, ndi polima yopangira zinthu zakale zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga matumba a zinyalala, makapu otayira ndi filimu yolongedza ndipo imatha kuwonongeka muzomera za kompositi.

Pulasitiki yomwe imasweka pamalo otseguka monga mulu wa kompositi wapanyumba nthawi zambiri imakhala yovuta kupanga.Ma PHA, mwachitsanzo, amakwanira ndalamazo koma sagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuyambira pamenepondi okwera mtengo kupanga ndipo ndondomekoyi ndi yodekha komanso yovuta kukulitsa.Komabe akatswiri a zamankhwala akhala akuyesetsa kukonza izi, mwachitsanzo pogwiritsa ntchitochothandizira chatsopano cha mankhwala- chinthu chomwe chimathandiza kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa mankhwala.

Zobwezerezedwanso - kusandutsa pulasitiki wogwiritsidwa ntchito kukhala zinthu zatsopano ndi makina kapena mankhwala

Ngati pulasitiki ikhoza kubwezeretsedwanso, zikutanthauza kuti ikhoza kukonzedwanso pamalo opangira mafakitale ndikusinthidwa kukhala zinthu zina zothandiza.Mitundu ingapo yamapulasitiki wamba imatha kusinthidwanso mwamakina - mtundu wofala kwambiri wobwezeretsanso.Koma kusanthula koyamba kwapadziko lonse kwa zinyalala zonse zapulasitiki zomwe zidapangidwapoadapeza kuti 9% yokha ya pulasitiki idagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuyambira pomwe zidayamba kupangidwa zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi zapitazo.

Makina obwezeretsansokumaphatikizapo kung'amba ndi kusungunula zinyalala za pulasitiki ndi kuzisandutsa ma pellets.Ma pellets awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zopangira kupanga zatsopano.Ubwino wa pulasitiki umawonongeka panthawiyi;choncho chidutswa cha pulasitikizitha kusinthidwanso mwamakina kangapoasanakhalenso oyenera ngati zopangira.Pulasitiki yatsopano, kapena 'pulasitiki virgin', motero nthawi zambiri imasakanizidwa ndi pulasitiki yokonzedwanso isanasanduke chinthu chatsopano kuti ifike pamlingo womwe ukufunidwa.Ngakhale pamenepo, mapulasitiki opangidwanso mwamakina sali oyenera pazifukwa zonse.

Pulasitiki yopangidwanso ndi mankhwala imatha kulowa m'malo mwamafuta opangidwa ndi virgin popanga mapulasitiki atsopano

-

Kubwezeretsanso mankhwala, momwe mapulasitiki amasinthidwa kukhala midadada yomangira ndiyeno nkusinthidwa kukhala zinthu zopangira mapulasitiki ndi mankhwala atsopano, ndi njira zatsopano zomwe zikupita patsogolo.Nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo zopangira komanso / kapena kutentha kwambiri kuti muphwanye pulasitiki ndiingagwiritsidwe ntchito pazinyalala zambiri zapulasitiki poyerekeza ndi makina obwezeretsanso.Mwachitsanzo, mafilimu apulasitiki okhala ndi zigawo zingapo kapena zowononga zina sizingasinthidwenso ndi makina koma zimatha kusinthidwanso ndi mankhwala.

Zopangira zopangidwa kuchokera ku zinyalala zapulasitiki munjira yobwezeretsanso mankhwala zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchitom'malo mwa mafuta a virgin crude based materials popanga mapulasitiki atsopano, apamwamba kwambiri.

Ubwino umodzi wobwezeretsanso mankhwala ndikuti ndi njira yosinthira momwe pulasitiki imakhala yabwino kwambiri ikakonzedwa mosiyana ndi mitundu yambiri yobwezeretsanso makina.Pulasitiki wotsatira atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zambiri kuphatikiza zotengera zakudya ndi zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazachipatala komanso zachipatala pomwe pali zofunikira zachitetezo chazinthu.